Propionibacterium P-63 for use in direct fed microbials for animal feeds

ABSTRACT

A ruminant direct fed microbial composition of matter comprising an acidosis inhibiting effective amount of Propionibacterium P-63 is provided. Also disclosed is a process for reducing acidosis in ruminants or scours in swine by administration of the bacterium to the ruminant or swine. The microbial composition may be administered by itself, or combined with animal feed and/or lactic acid producing cultures.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No.10/995,018, filed Nov. 22, 2004, which is a continuation of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 10/209,735, filed Aug. 1, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No.6,887,489, which is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No.09/292,720, filed Apr. 15, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,455,063, whichclaims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/082,067,filed Apr. 17, 1998, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates generally to a process for improving theutilization of feedstuffs by ruminants, especially during the transitionfrom a roughage diet to a feedlot diet, and more particularly to aprocess for administering to a ruminant a feed additive compositionwhich includes Propionibacteria jensenii strain P-63, preferably incombination with a lactic acid producing bacteria for improving theproduction from, and feed conversion efficiency of, a high grain orconcentrate feedlot diet. The composition also may be used to reducescours in swine.

2. Technology Description

Acute indigestion resulting from the transition from a predominantlyroughage diet to a feedlot diet could be fatal to ruminants. The purposeof a feedlot operation is to fatten a ruminant, such as beef cattle, forsale or slaughter. The most common and efficient method of fatteningruminants is to feed them a high grain or high energy concentrate diet.However this abrupt conversion from a roughage or pasture diet of plantfood, mainly cellulose, to a feedlot diet predominantly composed ofgrains and starches can cause decreased production to feedlot cattle andeven death from acidosis. Similar diet transitions can result in adecrease in milk production for dairy cows as well as death.

As discussed in Diseases of Feedlot Cattle, Second Edition, Lea &Febiger, p 292-293 (1971), acute indigestion in cattle is caused bysudden consumption of large amounts of grain, green corn, green applesor other easily fermentable feeds. During a roughage diet, cellulosicbacteria predominates in ruminal microflora. Volatile fatty acids areusually formed in the following proportions: acetic, 67%; propionic,19%; and butyric, 14%. These acids constitute an important nutrient fromcellulose digestion. However, during the fattening process at thefeedlot, cattle are placed on a high-grain diet. On a high grain diet,the ruminal microflora ferment the new feed and produce 100 or moremilli-moles per liter of lactic acid resulting in the rumen becomingimmobilized. A large portion of the lactic acid accumulated may be theD(-) isomer which is an unavailable energy source for the ruminant andthus builds up in the rumen. Absorption of the acid into the bloodlowers the blood pH and diminishes the content of bicarbonate andglucose bringing about acidosis. Compensation for the acidic conditionoccurs by excretion of carbonic acid through rapid respiration and byexcretion of hydrogen ions through urine. Affected cattle may survivethrough compensation, however, severe acidosis is fatal. Additionally,the increase in acidity of the rumen damages the mucosa which may resultin necrosis of the epithelium which enables bacteria such asSpherophorus necrophorus to enter the veins and be conveyed to the liverwhere liver abscesses may form in surviving animals.

Lactic acid and products containing lactic acid have been found toenhance gains in the starting period of cattle (first 28 days) andreduce liver abscesses when given prior to the transition from aroughage diet to a feedlot diet. Various strains of Lactobacillusacidophilus have been isolated which restore and stabilize the internalmicrobial balance of animals. Manfredi et al, U.S. Pat. No. 4,980,164,is such a strain of Lactobacillus acidophilus which has been isolatedfor enhancing feed conversion efficiency. The Lactobacillus acidophilusstrain of the Manfredi et al patent has been designated strain BT1386and received accession number ATCC No. 53545 from the American TypeCulture Collection in Rockville, Md. Strain ATCC 53545 demonstrates agreater propensity to adhere to the epithelial cells of some animalswhich would increase the bacteria cultures' ability to survive, initiateand maintain a population within an animal intestine. Thus, the primarymode of action as previously understood relative to Lactobacillusacidophilus occurs post-ruminally.

Another strain of

Lactobacillus acidophilus isolated for restoring and stabilizing theinternal microbial balance of animals is disclosed in Herman et al, U.S.Pat. No. 5,256,425. The Lactobacillus acidophilus strain of the Hermanet al patent has been designated strain BT1389 and received accessionnumber ATCC No. 55221from the American Type Culture Collection inRockville, Md. Strain ATCC 55221 is a further improvement on strain ATCC53545 in that it is easily identified and quantified due to itsresistance to antibiotics such as erythromycin and streptomycin.

The above-mentioned strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus are perfectlygood lactic acid producing organisms. However, more than a lactic acidproducing organism is needed to improve the utilization of feedstuffs byruminants, especially during the transition from a roughage diet to afeedlot diet. The problem with the increase of D-lactate in the rumenmust also be resolved in order to facilitate the transition of ruminantsfrom a roughage diet to a feedlot diet.

Administration of bacteria to cattle is also problem due to the extremesensitivity of organisms like Lactobacillus acidophilus which aredifficult to maintain in a viable state at ambient temperatures. Also,lactic acid is corrosive to feedlot and feedmill equipment and metalliccomponents

U.S. Pat. Nos. 5.534,271 and 5,529,793 suggest that both a lactic acidproducing culture as well as a lactate utilizing bacterial culture becombined with a typical animal feedlot diet to assist in the transitionof a ruminant diet from roughage to feedlot while minimizing the risk ofacidosis. These patents list several classes of materials from each ofthe producing and utilizing categories which may be selected forcombination with the animal feedstock. Unfortunately, these patents donot give much guidance as to which of these specific cultures should beselected in order to gain efficacious results. The only lactateutilizing cultures which are specifically enabled by the examples arePropionibacterium P-5,-propionibacterium P-42 and Propionibacterium P-99and the only lactic acid producing cultures enabled by the examples areLactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 53545 and Lactobacillus acidophilusstrain LA45. The reference fails to disclose or suggest that amongst thethousands of permutations possible presented by their proposedcombination of cultures, that synergistic results can occur by selectinga very specific strain of lactate utilizing culture not specificallyenabled in these patents. The inventors of the instant invention havediscovered such a specific lactate utilizing culture, namelyPropionibacterium P-63.

Despite the above teachings, there still exists a need in the art for adirect fed microbial for ruminants having a specifically defined lacticacid utilizing culture which, when combined with lactic acid producingcultures, can demonstrate unexpected results in terms of efficacyagainst acidosis.

In addition, there exists a need in the art for a direct fed microbialwhich may reduce scours in swine and companion animals as the abovetechnology has been more specifically directed against treatment ofacidosis in ruminants.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with the present invention a novel direct fed microbialfor ruminants having a specifically defined lactic acid utilizingculture which, when used alone as a direct fed microbial or combinedwith lactic acid producing cultures, can demonstrate unexpected resultsin terms of resistance against acidosis is provided. More specifically,the lactic acid utilizing culture comprises Propibnibacterium P-63. Thisincreased resistance can enable the ruminant to be superior producers ofmilk, if dairy ruminants, or experience greater weight gain, if beefruminants. This culture may also be used to reduce scours in swine.

A first embodiment of the present, invention comprises a ruminant directfed microbial composition of matter comprising an acidosis inhibitingeffective amount of Propionibacterium P-63. In most embodiments, themicrobial composition is combined with an animal feed material selectedfrom the group consisting of corn, dried grain, alfalfa, corn meal andmixtures thereof.

In the preferred embodiment, the direct fed microbial compositionfurther comprises a lactic acid producing bacterial culture, and evenmore preferably Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 53545.

A second embodiment comprises a swine direct fed microbial compositionof matter comprising a scour inhibiting effective amount ofPropionibacterium P-63.

Still another embodiment of the present invention comprises a processfor reducing acidosis when converting a ruminant diet from a roughagediet to a grain diet by administering to a ruminant a direct fedmicrobial comprising an acidosis inhibiting effective amount ofPropionibacterium P-63.

In most embodiments, the microbial composition is combined with ananimal feed material selected from the group consisting of corn, driedgrain, alfalfa, corn meal and mixtures thereof.

Yet another embodiment comprises a process for reducing scours in swineby administering to a swine a direct fed microbial comprising an scourinhibiting effective amount of Propionibacterium P-63.

In a preferred embodiment, the direct fed microbial composition furthercomprises a lactic acid producing bacterial culture for administrationto the ruminant, and even more preferably Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC53545.

An object of the present invention is to provide a novel direct fedmicrobial for ruminants or swine.

Still another object of the present invention is to provide a processfor reducing acidosis in ruminants when converting from a roughage dietto a grain diet.

A further object of the present invention is to provide a synergisticcombination of lactic acid producing cultures with lactate utilizingcultures to reduce acidosis in ruminants when converting from a roughagediet to a grain diet

Another object of the present invention is directed to a method forreducing scours in swine.

These, and other objects, will readily be apparent to those skilled inthe art as reference is made to the detailed description of thepreferred embodiment

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

In describing the preferred embodiment, certain terminology will beutilized for the sake of clarity. Such terminology is intended toencompass the recited embodiment, as well as all technical equivalentswhich operate in a similar manner for a similar purpose to achieve asimilar result.

Propionibacterium P-63 is a culture of the species propionibacteriumjensenii, strain designation PJ54. This information is obtained fromCommunicable Disease Laboratory, in Atlanta, Ga., U.S.A. Geneticequivalents of this strain are expressly considered to be covered withinthe scope of the present invention.

The use of lactate utilizing bacteria in ruminant feeds, even thosefeeds designed to aid in the conversion of the ruminant from a roughagediet to a grain diet is not considered novel. The prior art is repletewith listings of many genus/species and strains of materials suggestedfor ruminant feeds. Prior to the present invention it is not believedthat the use of Propionibacterium P-63 has been disclosed or suggestedfor use in animal feeds. The inventors have surprisingly discovered thatthis specific strain demonstrates superior anti-acidosis properties ascompared to other lactate utilization bacteria. While not wishing to bebound to any specific scientific theory, use of this strain of bacteriaduring conversion of the ruminant feed from a roughage diet to a feedlotdiet does not result in an appreciable production of lactic acid in therumen, allowing it to remain at a relatively constant pH.

It is also believed that P-63 can effectively used to treat scours inswine by administering a scour inhibiting amount of P-63 to a swine.

In practice, the amount of Propionibacterium P-63 which should beadministered to the animal ranges between about 1×10⁶ cfu/animal/day toabout 1×10¹² cfu/animal/day. Higher amounts of the bacterium arepreferably used, i.e., greater than about 1×10⁹ cfu/animal/day when thebacterium is the sole acidosis or scours control agent whereas lesseramounts, i.e., less than about 1×10⁸ cfu/animal/day may be administeredwhen a lactic acid producing bacterium culture is added in combinationwith the P63.

The bacterium culture may be administered to the ruminant in one of manyways. The culture can be administered in a solid form as a veterinarypharmaceutical, may be distributed in an excipient, preferably water,and directly fed to the animal, may be physically mixed with feedmaterial in a dry for, or, in a most preferred embodiment, the culturemay be formed into a solution and thereafter sprayed onto feed material.The method of administration of the culture to the animal is consideredto be within the skill of the artisan.

When used in combination with a feed material, the feed material ispreferably grain based. Included amongst such feed materials are corn,dried grain, alfalfa, and corn meal and mixtures thereof.

The bacteria cultures of the novel process may optionally be admixedwith a dry formulation of additives including but not limited to growthsubstrates, enzymes, sugars, carbohydrates, extracts and growthpromoting micro-ingredients. The sugars could include the following:lactose; maltose; dextrose; malto-dextrin; glucose; fructose; mannose;tagatose; sorbose; raffinose; and galactose. The sugars range from50-95%, either individually or in combination. The extracts couldinclude yeast or dried yeast fermentation solubles ranging from 5-50%.The growth substrates could include: trypticase, ranging from 5-25%;sodium lactate, ranging from .5-30%; and, Tween 80, ranging from 1-5%.The carbohydrates could include mannitol, sorbitol, adonitol andarabitol. The carbohydrates range from 5-50% individually or incombination. The micro-ingredients could include the following: calciumcarbonate, ranging from 0.5-5.0%; calcium chloride, ranging from0.5-5.0%; dipotassium phosphate, ranging from 0.5-5.0%; calciumphosphate, ranging from 0.5-5.0% ; manganese proteinate, ranging from0.25-1.00%; and, manganese, ranging from 0.25-1.00%.

While the P-63 culture may be used alone in a method to prevent acidosisor scours, because of the high levels of administration required and thedesire for even better resistance against disease, it is optionallycombined with a lactic acid producing culture. Despite the above, it ishypothesized that one does not need a lactate producer in a beef directfed microbial (DFM) to prevent/reduce acidosis. If the reason (or atleast primary contributor) acidosis occurs is lactate production, addinga lactate producing organism with the DFM may likely be inconsequential.It is further hypothesized that a lactic acid producing culture may notbe required when using P-63 to prevent scours in swine.

If added, the lactic acid producing bacteria could include, but is notlimited to, the following: Lactobacillus acidophilus; Lactobacillusplantarum; Streptococcuus faecium: Lactobacillus casei; Lactobacilluslactis; Lactobacillus enterii; Lactobacillus fermentum; Lactobacillusdelbruckii; Lactobacillus helveticus; Lactobacillus curvatus;Lactobacillus brevis; Lactobacillus bulgaricus; Lactobacilluscellobiosuus; Streptococcus lactis; Streptococcus thermophilus;Streptococcus cremoris; Streptococcus diacetylactis; Streptococcusintermedius; Bifidobacterium animalis; Bifidobacterium adolescentis;Bifidobacterium bifidum; Bifidobacterium infantis; Bifidobacteriumlongum; Bifidobacterium thermephilum; Pediococcus acidilactici; and,Pediococcus pentosaceus. Particularly preferred is the use ofLactobacillus acidophilus, and most preferably the strain correspondingto ATCC 53545.

When a lactic acid producing culture is utilized in combination withP-63, In practice, the amount of lactic acid producing culture whichshould be administered to the animal ranges between about 1×10⁶cfu/animal/day to about 1×10¹² cfu/animal/day, with amounts ranging fromabout 1×10⁷ cfu/animal/day to about 1×10⁹ cfu/animal/day being mostpreferred.

The invention is described in greater detail by the followingnon-limiting examples.

EXAMPLE 1

Bacterial strains. Propionibactecium cultures used in this study areobtained from the culture collection of Agtech Products, Inc., Waukesha,Wis. Cultures are maintained. at −75° C. in a sodium lactate broth (NLB)supplemented with 10% glycerol (Hofherr and Glatz, 1983). The specificpropionibacteria strains used in this study are listed in Table 1. TABLE1 Propionibacterium strains Strain number Species designation Straindesignation Source P2 P. acidipropionici 128 B P3 P. acidipropionici E14A P4 P. thoenii TH25 A P5 P. acidipropionici E214 A P9 P.acidipropionici 129 B P10 P. thoenii R9611 A P15 P. thoenii TH20 A P20P. thoenii TH21 A P21 P. thoenii R6 A P25 P. jensenii J17 A P26 P.thoenii 8266 B P31 P. freudenreichii 1294 E P35 P. acidipropionici 1505E P38 P. acidipropionici 13 D P41 P. jensenii 14 D P42 P.acidipropionici 10 D P44 P. jensenii 363 E P46 P. jensenil E.1.2 F P48P. freudenreichii E.11.3 F P49 P. freudenreichii E.15.01 F P50 P.acidipropionici E.7.1 F P52 P. acidipropionici E.5.1 F P53 P.acidipropionici E.5.2 F P54 P. jensenii E.1.1 F P63 P. jensenii PJ54 GP68 P. jensenii PJ53 G P69 P. jensenii PJ23 G P74 P. jensenii PZ99 G P78P. acidipropionici PA62 G P79 P. thoenii PT52 G P81 P. acidipropioniciPP798 G P85 P. thoenii 20 H P86 P. jensenii 11 H P88 P. jensenii 22 HP89 P. freudenreichii 5571 I P90 P. acidipropionici 5578 I P96 P.freudenreichii 8903 I P99 P. freudenreichii ATCC 9615 J P101 P.freudenreichii ATCC 9617 J P104 P. freudenreichii ATCC 6207 J P105 P.thoenii ATCC 4871 J P106 P. jensenii ATCC 4964 J P108 P. acidipropioniciATCC 14072 J P111 P. acidipropionici OSources:A. Cornell University, Ithaca. NY;B. Iowa State University, Ames IA;C. Dr. K. W. Sahli, Station Federale D'Industrie Laitiere Liebefeld-Bem,Switzerland;D. Dr. W. Kundrat, University of Munich, Munich, Germany;E. Dr. V. B. D. Skerman, University of Oueensland, Brisbane, Australia;F Dr. C. B. van Neil, Hopkins Marine Station, Pacific Grove, CA;G Communicable Disease Laboratory, Atlanta, GA;H. Isolated from Gruyere cheese imported from France;J. American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, MD;O. Origin unknown.

Culture conditions. Strains are activated by placing a portion of thefrozen suspension in 10 ml of NLB and incubating at 32° C. for 36-48hours. Strains are sub-cultured by transferring a 1% volume of theculture at mid-log growth to fresh NLB. Cultures are transferred aminimum of three times before being tested. The purity of tested strainsis monitored by regularly streaking cultures onto a sodium lactate agar(NLA).

In vitro acidified and neutralized broth medium. Primary strainselection involves testing the growth and lactic acid utilization ofcultures in a basal broth media. The acidified medium is prepared byincluding 80 mM L(+) lactic acid in a basal broth containing 1% yeastextract, 1% tryptone, dipotassium phosphate and distilled water. The pHof the broth medium is raised to pH 5.0 using 5.0 M NaOH. Followingfilter sterilization (Gelman Sciences, Ann Arbor, Mich.), the medium isdispensed at a volume of 10 ml into sterile screw cap test tubes.Neutralized broth medium is prepared the same as acidified media exceptthat the pH of broth is raised to 7.0 with 5.0 M NaOH prior to filtersterilization.

Rumen fluid simulation medium. Ruminal fluid is collected via ruminalcannula 2 h post feeding from a cross-bred beef heifer fed a highroughage diet. The ruminal fluid is strained through four layers ofcheesecloth and transported to the laboratory in an insulated container.Test ruminal fluid media contains 250 ml of strained ruminal fluid, 62.5ml McDougall's buffer (McDougall, 1948), and 1.5% dextrose. The addeddextrose serves as a readily fermented carbohydrate to simulateconditions found in the rumen of animals following grain engorgement.Strained ruminal fluid, buffer, and dextrose are dispensed intosterilized 500 ml bottles and allowed to equilibrate in a water bath at39° C. for approximately 15 minutes prior to inoculation. Initial pH ofthe rumen fluid model ranged from 6.6 to 6.9 depending on date ofcollection.

High Pressure Liquid Chromatography. Samples are prepared for HPLCanalysis by aseptically removing 1.0 ml from the test medium at theappropriate sampling times. Samples are placed in a 1.5 mlmicrocentrifuge tube and the cells are pelleted by centrifugation (10minutes, at 12,500 rpm). A sample of the supematant fluid (0.5 ml) istransferred to a clean tube and acidified with an equal volume of 0.01 Msulfuric acid solution to stop fermentation. These samples are stored at−20° C. until analysis is performed. For analysis, frozen tubes areallowed to thaw at room temperature and filtered through 0.2 um filtersdirectly into 2 ml HPLC autosampler vials and capped.

Samples are analyzed using a Hewlett Packard 1090 HPLC system equippedwith a diode-array detector (Hewlett Packard, Atlanta, Ga.). The sampleis injected into 0.005 M H₂SO₄ mobile phase heated to 65° C. andseparated using a BioRad HPX-87H column (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.,Hercules, Calif.). The peaks are detected with a diode array detector at210 nm. Other wavelengths are recorded and examined for peak purity, but210 nm is the optimum setting for determining peak height with minimumbackground noise. Peak areas are used to determine compoundconcentrations by comparison with external standards. Peak purity ismonitored by UV scanning techniques as an aid in identifying abnormalwavelength patterns present in a single peak.

Rumen model experimental procedures. Duplicate bottles are inoculatedwith the appropriate propionibacteria strain to be tested at a level of1×10⁷ cfu/ml. Bottles are flushed with CO₂, capped, and incubated at 39°C. for 48 h. Every 6 h during the 48 h incubation period, samples arecollected and analyzed for pH, lactic acid and volatile fatty acid (VFA)concentrations. Additional samples are collected at 16 h and 48 h foruse in microbiological analysis. Lactic acid and VFA samples areprepared by aseptically collecting a 1 ml sample in a 1.5 mlmicrocentrifuge tube. Cells are pelleted by centrifugation (10 minutesat 12,500×g). One-half ml of supematant is mixed with an equal volume of10 mM H₂SO₄ and filtered through a 0.2 um membrane filter.

Microbiological.analysis consists of plating serial dilutions (10⁻³,10⁻⁴ and 10⁻⁵) of the in vitro rumen fluid medium on a propionibacteriaselective-differential medium (PSA). Colonies with typicalpropionibacteria morphology are confirmed using pulsed-field gelelectrophoresis (PFGE).

Differences in pH and lactic acid concentration between inoculated anduninoculated controls at each sampling time are calculated and regressedagainst incubation time up to 24 h in order to select the best lacticacid utilizing strains. Strains for which a change over time in lactateor pH was detected (an R>0.50 against sampling time) are compared usingDuncan's Multiple Range procedures (SAS, 1985). Additionally, Gompertzequation is used to analyze the sigmoidal curves for pH decrease andlactic acid concentration increase (Zwietering et al. 1990).

Results. The rate of change in pH and lactic acid concentration isdetermined by regressing the difference between inoculated and controlrumen fluid incubations against time. Only when the regressioncoefficient for rate of change in pH and lactate was greater than 0.50for an inoculated flask was the data included in the statisticalanalysis (Table 2). TABLE 2 Impact of added Propionibacterium strains onrates of change in pH and lactate concentration of incubated rumen fluidmodels. Strain pH elevation, (Units/h) Lactate decrease (mM/h) 42 .037701.61 63 .03627 1.30 54 .02433 1.26 25 .02380 1.12 41 .02372 1.55 111.01691 1.05 81 .01064 .71 104 .00923 .88 89 .00785 .53 88 .00590 .76 49.00425 .65 48 .00366 NA 99 .00051 −.17 31 .00026 −.22 90 −.00917 −.32Calculated by regressing the difference between inoculated and controlfluid against incubation time.Means in a column with the same superscript are not different (P < .05).

Compared with other strains, P42 has the highest rate of pH increase(0.0377 units/h), but is not statistically (P<0.05) different fromstrains P63, P54, P25, and P41. Strain P42 also has the highest rate oflactic acid utilization (1.61 mM/h) compared to others but is notstatistically (P<0.05) different from strains P63, P54, P25, P41, P111,P81, and P104. Since linear regression analysis does not adjust fordifferences in lag times, other non-linear methods were employed

Ruminal fluid simulation data is analyzed using the Gompertz non-linearequation technique. Values up to 24 h are used in the analysis since adecrease in lactic acid concentration is observed after 24 h in allcontrols. Flasks inoculated with strains P54 and P63 have significantlylower rates of hydrogen ion accumulation (Table 3). TABLE 3 Contrasts ofmaximum lactate accumulation and minimum pH of rumen models inoculatedwith various propionibacteria strains. Lactate H+ increase Time lag oflactate Time lag production rate production of H+ Strain rate (mM/h)(×10⁻⁵) (h) increase(h) P25 18.87 4.65 4.41+ 4.20 P31 38.85 11.63 5.153.81 P41 23.31 11.15 4.65 3.29 P42 24.42 7.46 5.52 3.99 P48 38.85 1.455.45 3.27 P49 6.67 6.45 5.89 3.28 P54 21.09 −1.45** 8.08** 3.56 P63 9.992.18* 6.47+ 2.68 P78 12.21 9.34 5.30 3.02 P81 1.11 9.86 4.91 2.99 P8814.43 11.49 5.76 2.87 P89 9.99 13.57 5.71 3.13 P90 14.43 5.18 5.00 3.28P99 4.44 7.87 4.94 3.59 P104 −2.22 8.02 4.94 2.67 P111 14.43 5.17 4.975.74* Control 38.85 17.99 5.45 4.72*Values significantly different when compared to controls (P < .05)+Values significantly different when compared to controls (P < .01)**Values significantly different when compared to controls (P < .001)

When the rate of H⁺increase of inoculated flasks is compared to thecontrol (0.00018), only strains P54 and P63 have significantly differentvalues of −1.45 and 2.18 respectively. Strains P54, P63 and also P25have a significant impact on the lactic acid production lag time. P54and P63 increase the lag time of lactic acid accumulation by 2.06 and2.63 (h) respectively, thereby slowing the accumulation of acid. On theother hand, strain P25 decreases the lag time of inoculated samples thusresulting in faster lactic acid accumulation. Strain P111 is the onlystrain found to significantly increase the lag time of H⁺.

The viable plate counts of strains at 16 h and 48 h of incubation in therumen simulation model are presented in Table 4. Nine strains maintain apopulation of at least 1.0×10⁴ cfu/ml for 48 hours. Six of the ninestrains exceed 1.0×10⁵ cfu/ml; strains P25 and P63 have the highestrates of survival at 6.0×10⁵ and 1.0×10⁶ cfu/ml, respectively. TABLE 4Survival of Propionibacterium strains in the rumen model after 16 and 48hours of incubation.* Propionibacterium (cfu/ml) Strain 16 h 48 h 63 7.4× 10⁶ 1.0 × 10⁶ 25 2.5 × 10⁵ 6.0 × 10⁵ 81 5.0 × 10⁶ 3.0 × 10⁵ 90 1.0 ×10⁴ 1.0 × 10⁵ 88 8.3 × 10⁶ 1.0 × 10⁵ 54 1.0 × 10⁵ 1.0 × 10⁵ 111 2.0 ×10⁶ 1.0 × 10⁴ 99 1.0 × 10⁴ 1.0 × 10⁴ 41 4.7 × 10⁶ 1.0 × 10⁴ 104 5.0 ×10⁶ 1.0 × 10³ 89 1.0 × 10³ 1.0 × 10³ 48 1.0 × 10⁵ 1.0 × 10³ 42 1.1 × 10⁶1.0 × 10³ 31 1.0 × 10³ 1.0 × 10³*Propionibacteria count at 0 hour was 1 × 10⁷ cfu/ml

EXAMPLE 2

Seventy-five cross-bred, post weaned calves weighing 650-750 pounds arerandomly assigned to one of three treatments: 1.) no treatment, 2.)Propionibacterium strain P63 treated at 3.0×10¹¹ cfu/hd, or 3.)Propionibacterium strain P63 at 1.0×10⁹ cfu/bd and Lactobacillusacidophilus strain 53545 at 1.0×10⁸ cfu/hd. A total of 15 pens with 5calves per pen are blocked by sex, weight and breed prior to treatmentassignment. Calves are given free access to the feed bunk and watersource during the course of the experiment.

Each treatment group, consisting of steers and heifers are fed a 50:50ration (cracked corn, cottonseed meal, alfalfa pellets and balanced forminerals) at 1.5 to 2%. of BW for 14 days. During this period theappropriate treatment is added directly to the feed. The treatment dosefor each individual pen is added to 600 ml of water and completely mixedwith the daily ration at the time of feeding throughout the entirefeeding study.

On the day following the 14-day establishment period, cattle do notreceive any feed for a 24 h period. This procedure is performed in orderto stimulate the engorgement of the next meal. Following the 24 hourfasting period, cattle are given a 90% concentration ration (75% crackedwheat and 25% cracked corn). This ration is fed for a total of 10 days.During this time, treatments are administered as stated above and cattleare closely monitored for signs of severe stress due to ruminalindigestion. Following the 10 day challenge period, cattle are fed a 90%concentrate diet consisting of 100% cracked corn. Cattle are fed tofinal weights of approximately 1,200 pounds (approx. 120 days).

All cattle are weighed at receiving and approximately every 28 daysduring the feeding period. Feed intake and animal health are monitoreddaily. Following the finishing period, cattle are transported to apacking plant at which time hot carcass weights, quality grades, yieldgrades, and carcass characteristics were determined.

Results. The only significant differences (p<0.05) in live weights areobserved during the first 10 days of the study. Control cattle are 18pounds heavier than cattle receiving the combination and 25 to 30 poundsheavier than cattle in the group which is fed P63 alone during thisperiod. By day 27 no differences in live weight are observed (P<0.05).To reduce the variation resulting from bulk fill differences, finalweights are determined using hot carcass weights and dressingpercentages. Control carcass weights are 13 pounds heavier compared tocattle fed the combination and 18 pounds heavier than cattle fed P63alone, however these differences are not statistically different andconsidered to be animal variation.

Feeding intake is reduced in cattle being fed the combination inoculumby 7.8% when compared to control animals during the first 83 days(p<0.02). Overall feed intake is 6.8% lower for the combinationtreatment (P<0.08) and only 2.8% lower when animals received P63 alone(not significant) when compared to controls.

The only significant difference in average daily gain is observed duringthe initial 10 days of the trial when cattle are abruptly switched froma 50% concentrate ration to a 90% concentrate diet containing 75% groundwheat. Cattle receiving the combination treatment gain 1.13 LB more thancontrol cattle during this intensive adaptation period (p<0.04). Recallfeed intakes during this period are not statistically different betweentreatment groups. Given the utilization of lactic acid and glucose bythe combined inoculum the improvement in gain during this initialfeeding period is expected since cattle are the most effected by ruminalindigestion at this time.

Average daily gains are slightly higher for cattle fed the combinationduring the first and last 30 days of the study. However, thesedifferences are not significant. Cattle receiving P63 alone haveslightly lower gains compared to control and cattle fed the combinationinoculum during the entire study. Overall average daily gain (ADG) isalmost identical during the 120 day feeding period.

Cattle which is fed the combination inoculum has significantly improvedfeed efficiencies over the entire 120 day feeding study when compared tocontrols. During the first 10 days of feeding, efficiency is improved by38.4% (P<0.06) and by 10.4% (P<0.03) in the first 30 days when comparingcattle fed the combination to control cattle. The percent differencebetween treatments declines in the later periods of the feeding trial,however the significant treatment response of the combination inoculumduring the initial period results in a significant treatment differenceover the entire 120 day study (P<0.04).

No significant differences in carcass quality and composition areobserved. The incidence of liver abscesses is relatively insignificantas compared to industry standards. Control and cattle fed P63 both haveincidences of 8%. Cattle fed Lactobacillus acidophilus strain 53545 withPropionibacterium strain P63 have no liver abscesses. Generally, feedlotfinished cattle will have a liver incidence of approximately 30%.Dressing percents, ribeye area, yield grades, and quality grades aresimilar for all treatments.

Having described the invention in detail and by reference to thepreferred embodiments thereof, it will be apparent that modificationsand variations are possible without departing from the scope of theappended claims.

1. A process for reducing scours in swine comprising the step ofadministering to said swine a scour inhibiting effective amount ofPropionibacterium P-63.
 2. The process according to claim 1 wherein saidscour inhibiting amount of Propionibacterium P-63 comprises betweenabout 1×10⁶ cfu/animal/day to about 1×10¹² cfu/animal/day.
 3. Theprocess according to claim 1 wherein said scour inhibiting amount ofPropionibacterium P-63 comprises between about 1×10⁹ cfu/animal/day toabout 1×10¹² cfu/animal/day.
 4. The process according to claim 1 furthercomprising the step of administering to said swine a lactic acidproducing culture.
 5. The process according to claim 4 wherein saidlactic acid producing culture is selected from the group consisting ofLactobacillus acidophilus; Lactabocillus plantarum; Streptococcusfaecium; Lactobacillus casei; Lactobacillus lactis; Lactobacillusenterii; Lactobacillus fermentum; Lactobacillus delbruckii;Lactobacillus helveticus; Lactobacillus curvatus; Lactobacillus brevis;Lactobacillus bulgaricus; Lactobacillus cellobiosuus; Streptococcuslactis; Streptococcus thermophilus; Streptococcus cremoris;Streptococcus diacetylactis; Streptococcus intermedius; Bifidobacteriumanimalis; Bifidobacterium adolescentis; Bifidobacterium bifidum,Bifidobacterium infantis; Bifodobacterium longum; Bifidobacteriumthermephilum; Pediococcus acidilactici; and, Pediococcus pentosaceus andmixtures thereof.
 6. The process according to claim 5 wherein saidlactic acid producing culture comprises Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC53545.
 7. The process according to claim 1 further comprisingadministering to said swine an animal feed material.
 8. The processaccording to claim 7 wherein said animal feed material is selected fromthe group consisting of corn, dried grain, alfalfa, and corn meal andmixtures thereof.
 9. The process according to claim 1 further comprisingthe step of administering to said swine one or more additives selectedfrom the group consisting of growth substrates, enzymes, sugars,carbohydrates, extracts and growth promoting micro-ingredients andmixtures thereof.
 10. The process according to claim 4 wherein saidscour inhibiting amount of Propionibacterium P-63 comprises betweenabout 1×10⁶ cfu/animal/day to about 1×10⁸ cfu/animal/day.
 11. Theprocess according to claim 1 wherein the bacterium is distributed in anexcipient.
 12. The process according to claim 9 wherein the growthsubstrates are selected from trypticase, sodium lactate, and Tween 80.13. The process according to claim 9 wherein the sugars are selectedfrom lactose; maltose; dextrose; malto-dextrin; glucose; fructose;mannose; tagatose; sorbose; raffinose; and galactose.
 14. The processaccording to claim 9 wherein the carbohydrates are selected frommannitol, sorbitol, adonitol and arabitol.
 15. The process according toclaim 9 wherein the extracts are selected from yeast and dried yeastfermentation solubles.
 16. The process according to claim 9 wherein thegrowth promoting micro-ingredients are selected from calcium carbonate,calcium chloride, dipotassium phosphate, calcium phosphate, manganese,proteinate, and manganese.
 17. The process according to claim 4 whereinthe amount of lactic acid producing culture comprises between about1×10⁶ cfu/animal/day to about 1×10¹² cfu/animal/day.
 18. The processaccording to claim 4 wherein the amount of lactic acid producing culturecomprises between about 1×10⁷ cfu/animal/day to about 1×10⁹cfu/animal/day.